The Problem Solving and Subject Matter Approaches to Teaching Vocational Agriculture: Effects on Student Achievement and Retention

Throughou t t he h i s to ry o f ag r i cu l tu ra l educa t ion , t he p rob lem so lv ing approach has been recommended by ag r i cu l tu ra l t eacher educa to rs as the p r imary s t ra tegy fo r teach ing . Severa l au tho rs o f ag r i cu l tu ra l edu c a t i o n t e x t s c i t e t h e p r o b l e m s o l v i n g a p p r o a c h a s t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e app roach fo r t each ing voca t i ona l ag r i cu l t u re (Binkley 8 T u l l o c h , 1 9 8 1 ; Crunki lton & Krebs , 1982; Newcomb, McCracken & Warmbrod, 1986; Ph ipps , 1980).